DISCUSSION QUESTIONS -HELP

Chapter 16

Discussion

1. How did Reconstruction address the results of the Civil War?
After the Civil War had ended, Congress passed the Reconstruction Acts. These four statutes included: the creation of five military districts, required approval by Congress for new state constitutions, the Confederate states must acknowledge and allow every man’s right to vote, and all states must ratify the 14th Amendment. However, Reconstruction did not adequately address the results because the government’s agenda and goals put forth were unclear.
2. How did African American express their new found freedom?
Many of them took advantage of this freedom and migrated in hopes of finding and reuniting with their families and find jobs. They quickly began to set up churches, schools, and community associations to avoid the idea of white control. Overall, the Reconstruction Era was initially a time of progress for them.
3. What was the Compromise of 1877?
One of the compromises put into place to create a peaceful United States. This compromise took place after the Civil War and was basically an attempt to keep down violence. Part of the agreement included that R. Hayes bring an end to the Reconstruction throughout the south and provide financial subsidies if he took office.
4. What issues remained unresolved at the close of the Reconstruction Era?
Reconstruction period was an era of a corrupt government (which was thought to be caused by blacks being a part of political issues). Hence, justification of racial segregation survived. The overthrow of the Reconstruction left the problem of racial injustice.
5. What was the Freedman’s Bureau and what did it accomplish?
The Freedman’s Bureau was established March 3, 1865 in hopes of addressing all matters concerning refugees and freed slaves. It was a federal agency that was formed during Reconstruction to aid distressed refugees of the American Civil War. It became primarily an agency to help the Freedmen (freed slaves) in the South, including issuing rations, clothing, and medicine. The Bureau also assumed custody of confiscated lands or property in the former Confederate States, District of Columbia, and Indian Territory. The Bureau was established by Congress. It was part of the United States Department of War, and headed by Union General Oliver O. Howard. Fully operational from June 1865 through December 1868, it was disbanded by President Andrew Johnson.
Chapter 17

1. Why was California the model for agribusiness in this period?
The Gold Rush helped motivate agriculture in California. During the Mexican phase, agriculture was neglected, and the Americans continued the trend until about 1848. Agriculture became a very important aspect of California’s economic system. California evidently possessed great climate, soil, oil, and other natural resources, which prospered early on with the help of the Gold Rush. “The second American agricultural revolution” was termed for the years of 1941-1973, and the factors included were better equipped soil conditioners, fertilizers and cover crops; productive crops and livestock; production of crops and livestock intensified; and thorough conservation practices.
2. In terms of labor how was race used?
The poor whites disrupted the social order by their demand for lands and privileges. African labor provided a buffer against poor whites. Hence, they were immune to many of the diseases, and they were better laborers (who didn’t have anywhere to escape to). It was then that Africans were used for their intense ability to withstand various hardships and other cruel circumstances.

Chapter 18
1. What factors made industrialization at such a rapid rate possible?
Industrialization is the system of production that rose from the steady development, study, and use of scientific knowledge. It is based on the division of labor and on specialization and uses mechanical, chemical, and power-driven, as well as organizational and intellectual, aids in production. The primary objective of this method has been to reduce the real cost, per unit, of producing goods and services. The changes that took place in Britain during the Industrial Revolution of the late 18th and 19th century led the way for the early industrializing nations of western Europe and North America. Industrialization was geared toward technology and social developments. Cities attracted large numbers of people, massing workers in new industrial towns and factories.
2. How did industrialization affect the lives of individuals?
The effects of industrialization in the 19th century was contributed by agriculture, factories, and machinery. The changes produced progress; however, setbacks were also evident. The use of machinery caused an increase in the food industry which reduced the use of people and animals. This decreased the use of hired help; therefore, increasing income. Cities became wealthy and farmers began to move toward the city. The increase in city size had a negative effect since people were moving into the cities faster than housing could be constructed. Disease began to spread because of the overcrowding and unsanitary living conditions. On the positive side, the grow cities introduced new technologies that aided in transportation and water systems.

Chapter 19
Explain the emergence and characteristics of each of the following and discuss their impact on American society.
Sports flourished in America in the 1920s. Americans worshiped their athletic heroes. Babe Ruth and Jack Dempsey were known as President Calvin Coolidge. Professional athletes, especially baseball and boxing, expanded dramatically. Professional football and basketball emerged later.
Show business-Without Harlem, the 1920s wouldn’t have been the Jazz Age. From
trumpets, beating drums, dancing feet, and plaintive and mournful songs, Harlem’s clubs, cabarets, theaters, and ballrooms echoed with the vibrant and soulful sounds of African Americans. Black and white people flocked to Harlem to enjoy themselves and to break the law. White men wrote many of the popular Broadway productions that starred black entertainers.
Moving pictures- The first machine patented in the United States that showed animated pictures or movies was a device called the "wheel of life" or "zoopraxiscope". Patented in 1867 by William Lincoln, moving drawings or photographs were watched through a slit in the zoopraxiscope. However, this was a far cry from motion pictures as we know them today. Modern motion picture making began with the invention of the motion picture camera. The Frenchman Louis Lumiere is often credited as inventing the first motion picture camera in 1895. But in truth, several others had made similar inventions around the same time as Lumiere. What Lumiere invented was a portable motion-picture camera, film processing unit and projector called the Cinematographe, three functions covered in one invention.
Popular journalism-
a. 1608 First English reporter in the colonies, Captain John Smith, leader of the Jamestown settlement, publishes his newsletter, Newes from Virginia
b. 1690 First American Newspaper, Publick Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestick, is published in Boston
c. 1721 The New England Courant, published by Ben Franklin’s older brother James, is first to offer readers literature in addition to news
d. 1727 First local correspondents report news from nearby communities

Chapter 20

1. Who were the muckrakers?
The muckrakers were a journalistic voice of a larger movement in American society. Called progressivism, it lasted from the mid-1890s through WWI. The muckrakers were reporters, authors, and critics who sought to expose the evils and injustices of Gilded Age society, hoping to expose such social ills before they strangled democracy. Publishing their works in popular periodicals like McClure's, Hampton's, Cosmopolitan, and even the more conservative Ladies' Home Journal and Saturday Evening Post, these reporters spearheaded a movement in investigative journalism that remains an important part of American society today. Yet
Characterize the presidents of the Gilded Age and their administrations
2. The Harrison Administration
Harrison's administration brought a reversal of the financial policies of Grover Cleveland. Congress disposed of the Treasury surplus by making large appropriations for pensions, naval vessels, lighthouses, coast defenses, and other projects. It also passed the McKinley Tariff Act, which raised the already high protective duties and resulted in higher prices for many household commodities. In order to gain the support of the West for the bill, Congress in 1890 passed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, by which the government agreed to buy 4,500,000 oz (130,000 kg) of silver every month and to issue paper money equaling the full amount purchased. platform that included demands for the free coinage of silver, government ownership of important utilities, and election of U.S. senators by popular vote.
3. The Second Cleveland Administration
Cleveland's second administration was marked by increasing conflict between the interests of the agricultural reformers, whose followers lived in the West, and those of the large bankers and manufacturers of the country, the seat of whose enterprises was generally in the East. Those who expected Cleveland and his solidly Democratic Congress to affect the financial and economic reforms demanded by the West suffered disappointment. Although pledged to a tariff for revenue only, Congress yielded to the desires of senators devoted to protecting the interests of large corporations or trusts by passing another high protective tariff. In addition, the U.S. Supreme Court declared unconstitutional the income tax lawThis dissatisfaction was expressed at the Democratic convention of 1896. Dominated by the radical elements of the West, the convention issued a platform demanding, among other things, the free and unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 to 1 (Bimetallism), and an end to government by federal injunction, as in the Pullman strike. The Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan for president; the Republicans, William McKinley. The chief issue of the campaign, in which the economic interests of West and East were sharply opposed, was the silver question. After a strenuous contest, McKinley defeated Bryan.
4. The McKinley Administrations
The United States was victorious in the war, and Spain relinquished Cuba and ceded to the United States the Philippine Islands, Guam, and Puerto Rico. Expansion of the nation to include regions outside of the North American continent was denounced as imperialism by the Democratic Party, and became the principal issue of the 1900 presidential campaign. The nation, however, supported the policy of expansion as carried out by the McKinley administration; in the election McKinley again defeated Bryan, this time by a popular majority of almost 1 million votes and by 292 electoral votes to 155. In September 1901 McKinley was assassinated by a crazed anarchist, and Vice President Theodore Roosevelt became president. His administrations marked a new attitude held by a section of the Republican Party toward the important social, political, and economic questions of the time, and led gradually to a sharp split in the party.
5. Theodore Roosevelt and Progressivism
Theodore Roosevelt, like Jackson and Lincoln, believed that the president had the duty of initiating and leading Congress to implement a policy of social and economic benefit to the people at large. As he himself put it, he found the presidency "a bully pulpit." Roosevelt's policies, designed to secure a greater measure of social justice in the United States, were outlined in his first message to Congress, on December 3, 1901. Roosevelt's address included demands for federal supervision and regulation of all interstate corporations; for amendment of the Interstate Commerce Act to prohibit railroads from giving special rates to shippers; for the conservation of natural resources; for federal appropriations for irrigation of arid regions in the West; and for extension of the merit system in civil service.
During his administrations (after completing McKinley's administration, Roosevelt was elected in 1904), the Department of Justice instituted 43 suits against the trusts and won several important judicial decisions, including one ordering the dissolution of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey as a holding company with a monopoly on oil refining.
Other domestic reforms in Roosevelt's program, which he called the Square Deal, were his expansion of forest reserves and national parks; the appointment of the National Conservation Commission in 1908 to promote further conservation; and the passage of the Meat Inspection Act. Also passed was the first of the Pure Food and Drug Acts, which followed a federal investigation of packing-house conditions prompted by revelations made in Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle (1906) (see Sinclair, Upton Beall). Roosevelt gained worldwide importance through his dramatic speeches and actions as president, his inauguration of the building of the Panama Canal, and his activities in ending the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). Roosevelt declined to run for reelection in 1908 and the Republicans nominated his secretary of war, William Howard Taft, based on Roosevelt's recommendation. Taft easily defeated his Democratic opponent, William Jennings Bryan.
6. The Taft Administration
The Republican platform of 1908, like the Democratic platform of that year, called for a downward revision of the tariff. Nonetheless, the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act, which Congress passed in 1909, was still a high protective tariff. A pronounced split over the tariff questions and other issues developed in the Republican Party during Taft's administration. On one side was the conservative element, the so-called standpatters, who wanted a high tariff and opposed the kind of reforms initiated by Roosevelt. On the other side were the so-called insurgents, later known as progressives, who denounced the high rates of the Payne-Aldrich tariff as a betrayal of the promises made in the Republican platform and criticized the administration for refusing to continue the reforms begun by Roosevelt. Former President Roosevelt openly sided with the progressives; he supported not only tariff revision but other political and economic reforms such as direct primaries, the recall, and an income tax.
Farm Loan Act of 1916 established 12 federal land banks to make money available for long-term farm mortgages at reasonable rates.
Wilson also achieved a victory in domestic affairs when the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which legalized women's voting rights, was passed in 1919 and ratified in 1920.
Chapter 21
Examine the similarities and differences between Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson
Theodore Roosevelt-Elected as a Republican to the New York State Assembly at 23, Roosevelt quickly made a name for himself as a foe of corrupt machine politics. In 1884, overcome by grief by the deaths of both his mother and his wife on the same day, he left politics to spend two years on his cattle ranch in the badlands of the Dakota Territory, where he became increasingly concerned about environmental damage to the West and its wildlife. Nonetheless, he did participate as a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1884. His attempt to reenter public life in 1886 was unsuccessful; he was defeated in a bid to become mayor of New York City. Roosevelt remained active in politics and again battled corruption as a member of the U.S. Civil Service Commission (1889–95) and as president of the New York City Board of Police Commissioners. Appointed assistant secretary of the navy by President William McKinley, he vociferously championed a bigger navy and agitated for war with Spain. When war was declared in 1898, he organized the 1st Volunteer Cavalry, known as the Rough Riders, who were sent to fight in Cuba. Roosevelt was a brave and well-publicized military leader. The charge of the Rough Riders (on foot) up Kettle Hill during the Battle of Santiago made him the biggest national hero to come out of the Spanish-American War.
Woodrow Wilson- Wilson won the presidential election of 1912 when William Howard Taft and Theodore Roosevelt split the Republican vote. Upon taking office he set about instituting the reforms he had outlined in his book The New Freedom, including the changing of the tariff, the revising of the banking system, the checking of monopolies and fraudulent advertising, the prohibiting of unfair business practices, and the like.
Chapter 22
1. William H. Seward was one of its chief architects argued for extension of the American frontier as a Senator from New York (1849-1861) and Secretary of State (1861-1869). Seward envisioned a large U.S. empire encompassing Canada, the Caribbean, Cuba, Central Mexico, Hawaii, Iceland, Greenland, and the Pacific Islands. Most of his plans did not reach fruition in his lifetime.
2. Roosevelt first efforts were focused on Latin America where U. S. economic and power towered. As U. S. economic interests expanded in Latin America so did U. S. political influence. Exports to Latin America nose from over $50 million in 1870 to more than $120 million in 1901 and $300 billion in 1914. Investment by U. S. citizens also rose. Roosevelt became worried that Latin America nation defaults debts own to European intervention until in 1904 he issued the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. He advised them to stabilize their politics& finances.
Chapter 23
1. Why did the U. S. enter the war? Americans got caught in the Allied- Central Power crossfire. For principle, for morality, for honor, for commerce, for security, for reform, for all of these reasons, Wilson took the United States into the Great War. The U. S. went to war to reform world of politics, not to destroy Germany.
2. Discuss the failures & successes of the Versailles Peace Treaty. The Versailles stripped Germany from its power by reducing their army to 10,000 men, banning their Air Force taking a whole lot of the land blaming the entire Great World War I on Germany.

Chapter 24
1. Explain the characteristics of each of the following discuss the impact of each on American society during the 1920s.

A. Games Americans in the 1920’s embraced entertainment spending $ 2.5 billion on leisure in 1919. Spectator amusements movies, music, sports accounted for 21% of the 1929 total. The rest involved participatory recreation such as games, hobbies, and travel. Early in the 1920s, Mahjong, a Chinese tile game was the craze.
B. Movies- Americans also enjoyed watching movie & sports. In total capital investment, motion picture became one of the nation’s leading industries. 1929 movies attracted 40 million viewers weekly.
C. Sports- As technology and Mass society made the individual less significant people clung to heroic athletes as a means of identify with the unique. Tennis, swimming, & golf become famous. But boxing, football & baseball produced the most popular heroes.
D. Prohibition-After 1925 prohibition broke down as thousands made their own wine and gin illegally & bootleg importer. The 18th amendment in 1918 subsequent federal law prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages.
E. Discussion the impact of the automobile on the American family, the American economy, and the American values during the 1920s.
Cars altered American life streets became cleaner as autos replaced the horses that daily dumped tons of manure. Women who learned to drive achieved new found independence. By 1927 the car was the ultimate social equalizer.
F. Discuss the impact of Prohibition on the American people & their society during the 1920s. Explain the failures of, “The Noble Experiment.”
G. During the 18th Amendment which prohibited the manufacture, sale, transportation of alcoholic beverages. It worked well at first. Per Capita consumption of liquor dropped as did arrest for drunkenness. But mobs such as Al Capone seized control of illegal liquor and wine in Chicago maintaining power over politicians and vice businesses through intimidation, bribery, and violence. Americans wanted to purchase alcohol and Capone supplied the people.
Chapter 25 – The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929-1941
Discussion Questions:
Causes of the Great Depression
What caused the Great Depression, the worst economic depression in US history? It was not just one factor, but instead a combination of domestic and worldwide conditions that led to the Great Depression. As such, there is no agreed upon list of all its causes. Here instead is a list of the top reasons that historians and economists have cited as causing the Great Depression. The effects of the Great Depression were huge across the world. Not only did it lead to the New Deal in America but more significantly, it was a direct cause of the rise of extremism in Germany leading to World War II.
Stock Market Crash of 1929
Many believe erroneously that the stock market crash that occurred on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929 is one and the same with the Great Depression. In fact, it was one of the major causes that led to the Great Depression. Two months after the original crash in October, stockholders had lost more than $40 billion dollars. Even though the stock market began to regain some of its losses, by the end of 1930, it just was not enough and America truly entered what is called the Great Depression.
Bank Failures
Throughout the 1930s over 9,000 banks failed. Bank deposits were uninsured and thus as banks failed people simply lost their savings. Surviving banks, unsure of the economic situation and concerned for their own survival, stopped being as willing to create new loans. This exacerbated the situation leading to less and less expenditures.
Reduction in Purchasing Across the Board
With the stock market crash and the fears of further economic woes, individuals from all classes stopped purchasing items. This then led to a reduction in the number of items produced and thus a reduction in the workforce. As people lost their jobs, they were unable to keep up with paying for items they had bought through installment plans and their items were repossessed. More and more inventory began to accumulate. The unemployment rate rose above 25% which meant, of course, even less spending to help alleviate the economic situation.
American Economic Policy with Europe
As businesses began failing, the government created the Smoot-Hawley Tariff in 1930 to help protect American companies. This charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation.
Drought Conditions
While not a direct cause of the Great Depression, the drought that occurred in the Mississippi Valley in 1930 was of such proportions that many could not even pay their taxes or other debts and had to sell their farms for no profit to themselves. This was the topic of John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath.
How did Franklin D Roosevelt attempt to restore economic confidence in the US?
Roosevelt dominated the American political scene, not only during the twelve years of his presidency, but for decades afterward. He orchestrated the realignment of voters that created the Fifth Party System. FDR's New Deal Coalition united labor unions, big city machines, white ethnics, African Americans and rural white Southerners. Roosevelt's diplomatic impact also resonated on the world stage long after his death, with the United Nations and Bretton Woods as examples of his administration's wide-ranging impact. Roosevelt is consistently rated by scholars as one of the greatest U.S. Presidents.

What was the fate of many Mexican laborers in the United States in the 1930s? In 1931 the Labor Department announced plans to deport illegal immigrants to free jobs for Americans.
What was Hoover’s response to the Bonus Army?
President Hoover opposed the Bill and the Senate voted it down.

What was the impact of the great depression on African Americans?
The depression hit African Americans hard. While many African Americans were already living in poverty, white employers felt no reservations about firing their black workers first and by 1932 more than half of African Americans were out of the jobs. Racial tensions grew as economic tensions mounted; lynching's in the south saw a huge resurgence.
Examine the impact of the New Deal Era on African Americans?
Most New Deal programs discriminated against blacks. The NRA, for example, not only offered whites the first crack at jobs, but authorized separate and lower pay scales for blacks. The Federal Housing Authority (FHA) refused to guarantee mortgages for blacks who tried to buy in white neighborhoods, and the CCC maintained segregated camps. Furthermore, the Social Security Act excluded those job categories blacks traditionally filled. The story in agriculture was particularly grim. Since 40 percent of all black workers made their living as sharecroppers and tenant farmers, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) acreage reduction hit blacks hard. White landlords could make more money by leaving land untilled than by putting land back into production. As a result, the AAA's policies forced more than 100,000 blacks off the land in 1933 and 1934. Even more galling to black leaders, the president failed to support an anti-lynching bill and a bill to abolish the poll tax. Roosevelt feared that conservative southern Democrats, who had seniority in Congress and controlled many committee chairmanships, would block his bills if he tried to fight them on the race question. Yet, the New Deal did record a few gains in civil rights. Roosevelt named Mary McLeod Bethune, a black educator, to the advisory committee of the National Youth Administration. Thanks to her efforts, blacks received a fair share of NYA funds. The WPA was colorblind, and blacks in northern cities benefited from its work relief programs. Harold Ickes, a strong supporter of civil rights who had several blacks on his staff, poured federal funds into black schools and hospitals in the South. Most blacks appointed to New Deal posts, however, served in token positions as advisors on black affairs. At best, they achieved a new visibility in government.


Chapter 26 Peaceseekers and Warmakers: Americans in the World, 1920-1941
No Discussion Question
Chapter 27 The Second World War at Home and Abroad, 1941-1945
What was the Powers Act?
A law, passed by congress after the Vietnam War, over President Nixon's veto, and of dubious constitutionality, which seeks to define and limit the powers of the president of the United States to command the armed forces. The most important provision is that if the U.S. armed forces go into combat the president must get a resolution from congress authorizing the mission. If the resolution is not passed then the forces must be withdrawn from the combat within sixty days.
What happen to most New Deal program.
Some were done away with, but others still exist today.
What was the Holocaust?
Mass loss of life, but most people use it specifically to refer to the extermination of millions of people in minority ethnic, religious, and social groups under the Nazi Regime during the 1930’s and 1940’s. Hitler aimed this at the Jews.
What actions were taken against Japanese Americans after the bombing of Pearl Harbor and what role did Japanese Americans play in World War II?
The attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 led some to suspect that Imperial Japan was preparing a full-scale attack on the West Coast of the United States. Japan's rapid military conquest of a large portion of Asia and the Pacific between 1936 and 1942 made its military forces seem unstoppable to some Americans. Civilian and military officials had serious concerns about the loyalty of the ethnic Japanese after the Niihau Incident which immediately followed the attack on Pearl Harbor, when a civilian Japanese national and two Hawaiian-born ethnic Japanese on the island of Ni'ihau violently freed a downed and captured Japanese naval airman, attacking their fellow Ni'ihau islanders in the process.
Concerns over the loyalty of ethnic Japanese seemed to stem as much from racial prejudice than evidence of actual malfeasance. Major Karl Bendetsen and Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt, head of the Western Command, each questioned Japanese American loyalty. DeWitt, who administered the internment program, repeatedly told newspapers that "A Jap's a Jap" and testified to Congress,
I don't want any of them [persons of Japanese ancestry] here. They are a dangerous element. There is no way to determine their loyalty... It makes no difference whether he is an American citizen, he is still a Japanese. American citizenship does not necessarily determine loyalty... But we must worry about the Japanese all the time until he is wiped off the map.
DeWitt also sought approval to conduct search and seizure operations aimed at preventing alien Japanese from making radio transmissions to Japanese ships. The Justice Department declined, stating that there was no probable cause to support DeWitt's assertion, as the FBI concluded that there was no security threat. On January 2, the Joint Immigration Committee of the California Legislature sent a manifesto to California newspapers which attacked "the ethnic Japanese," whom it alleged were "totally unassimilable." This manifesto further argued that all people of Japanese heritage were loyal subjects of the Emperor of Japan; Japanese language schools, furthermore, according to the manifesto, were bastions of racism which advanced doctrines of Japanese racial superiority.
The manifesto was backed by the Native Sons and Daughters of the Golden West and the California Department of the American Legion, which in January demanded that all Japanese with dual citizenship be placed in concentration camps. Internment was not limited to those who had been to Japan, but included a small number of German and
Italian enemy aliens. By February, Earl Warren, the Attorney General of California, had begun his efforts to persuade the federal government to remove all people of Japanese heritage from the West Coast.
Those that were as little as 1/16th Japanese could be placed in internment camps. There is evidence supporting the argument that the measures were racially motivated, rather than a military necessity. For example, orphaned infants with "one drop of Japanese blood" (as explained in a letter by one official) were included in the program.

Upon the bombing of Pearl Harbor and pursuant to the Alien Enemies Act, Presidential Proclamations 2525, 2526 and 2527 were issued designating Japanese, German and Italian nationals as enemy aliens. Information from the CDI was used to locate and incarcerate foreign nationals from Japan, Germany and Italy (although Germany and Italy did not declare war on the U.S. until December 11).
Presidential Proclamation 2537 was issued on January 14, 1942, requiring aliens to report any change of address, employment or name to the FBI. Enemy aliens were not allowed to enter restricted areas. Violators of these regulations were subject to "arrest, detention and internment for the duration of the war."



Chapter 28- The Cold War and American Globalism, 1945-1961
Discussion: Discuss the legacy of the Eisenhower years, and assess the Eisenhower Presidency – a) his administration published "To Secure These Rights" in 1947 a drive was started in 1948 to end discrimination in federal employment in 1950, the Supreme Court all but overturned what is referred to as Plessey v Ferguson. These were a series of laws dating from 1896 which effectively approved the "Jim Crow" segregation laws that characterized the South. The laws introduced the "separate but equal" philosophy of the south - but with the backing of the highest legal body in America. b) The civil rights movement was a worldwide political movement for equality before the law occurring between approximately 1950 and 1980. It was accompanied by much civil unrest and popular rebellion. The process was long and tenuous in many countries, and most of these movements did not fully achieve their goals although, the efforts of these movements did lead to improvements in the legal rights of previously oppressed groups of people. c) African Americans were successfully challenging racial discrimination in the courts. And so, African Americans continued to suffer disfranchisement, job discrimination, segregation, and violence. But in 1954 the NAACP won a historic Supreme Court victory, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, which Thurgood Marshall argued, incorporated school desegregation cases from several states. d) The impact was found in the national mass media. Television also fostered a shared culture. Although television set cost about $300 oppose to $2000 now or more. Television programming was due in part to advertise.
Chapter 29 America at Midcentury, 1945-1960
The Korean War - The Korean War (1950–53) was the first major proxy war in the Cold War (1945–91), the prototype of the following sphere-of-influence wars such as the Vietnam War (1959–75). The Korean War established proxy war as one way that the nuclear superpowers indirectly conducted their rivalry in third-party countries. The NSC-68 Containment Policy extended the cold war from occupied Europe to the rest of the world. a). KOREA, like Germany, had been jointly occupied by Soviet and American forces at the end of World War II. The nation had been part of the Japanese empire since 1910, and when Japanese resistance suddenly collapsed in the summer of 1945, the Red Army, which had been planning to invade Manchuria, found the way open into northern Korea as well. The way was also open, in southern Korea, for some of the American troops whose original mission had been to invade the Japanese home islands. The peninsula was occupied, therefore, more by accident than by design: that probably accounts for the fact that Moscow and Washington were able to agree without difficulty that the 38th parallel, which split the peninsula in half, would serve as a line of demarcation pending the creation of a single Korean government and the subsequent withdrawal of occupation forces. b). The reconstruction plan, developed at a meeting of the participating European states, was established on June 5, 1947. It offered the same aid to the Soviet Union and its allies, but they did not accept it. The plan was in operation for four years beginning in April 1948. During that period some US $13 billion in economic and technical assistance were given to help the recovery of the European countries that had joined in the Organization for European Economic Co-operation. This $13 billion was in the context of a U.S. GDP of $258 billion in 1948, and was on top of $12 billion in American aid to Europe between the end of the war and the start of the Plan that is counted separately from the Marshall Plan.
Chapter 30 The Tumultous Sixties, 1960-1980
Examined the factors and forces that led to the rebirth of feminism in the 1960s. Examine the factors and forces that pushed the African Americans protest movement to more radical action in the mid 1960. What was the accomplishment of President Johnson’s Great Society Program?
a). The Women movement developed from the nation’s increasingly radical social justice movements. Organized opposition to feminism came primarily from conservative, often religiously motivated men and men. b).By the end of the 1960’s divisions among Americans deepened. The civil rights movement, begun in a quest for equal rights and integration, splintered, as many young African Americans, rejected integration in favor of separatism and embraced a distinct African American culture. c). A new housing act provided rent supplements for the poor and established a Department of Housing and Urban Development. An immigration measure finally replaced the discriminatory quotas set in 1924. Federal assistance went to artists and scholars to encourage their work.

Chapter 31 Continuing Divisions and New Limits, 1968
(a) Richard Nixon said he was going to end the war fast so it would not ruin his political career as it had Johnson’s, he did not. Like Johnson, he feared that a precipitous withdrawal would harm U.S. credibility on the world state. Anxious to get U.S. troops out of Vietnam, Nixon was equally committed to preserving an independent, noncommunist South Vietnam. He adopted a policy that at once contracted and expanded the war. (b) Gulf Tonkin Resolution - was a joint resolution which the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in response to a sea battle between the North Vietnamese Navy's Torpedo Squadron 135 and the destroyer USS Maddox on August 2 and an alleged second naval engagement between North Vietnamese boats and the US destroyers USS Maddox and USS Turner Joy on August 4 in the Tonkin Gulf; both naval actions are known collectively as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of conventional military force in Southeast Asia. Specifically, the resolution authorized the President to do whatever necessary in order to assist "any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty." This included involving armed forces.
Chapter 32 Conservatism Revived, 1980-1992
OPEC – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. In 1976 OPEC sharply raised the price of oil a second time, the first time in 1973. Gasoline prices surged across the United States, and some dealer’s ran low on supplies. Frustrated Americans endured endless lines at the pumps and shivered in under heated homes. When the embargo was lifted in April 1974, oil prices stayed high and the aftereffects of the embargo would linger through the decade. It confirmed how much the United States economic destiny was outside its control

Chapter 33 Global Bridges in the New Millennium: America Since 1992
Ending of the cold war – When Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union in 1985, he initiated reforms that ultimately undermined the communist regimes in Eastern Europe and East Germany and led to the breakup of the Soviet Union itself, ensuring and end to the Cold War. The Persians expanded their empire to what they thought was a defensible frontier in the west - the Mediterranean Sea coastline. However the coast was dotted with hundreds of Greek city-states, who resented this dominance. Those cities were colonies of cities in the Greek mainland, and these mother-cities supported sporadic uprisings by the cities in Asia Minor against Persian rule. When Athens and Eretria supported an uprising by Miletus, they burnt the Persian provincial capital of Sardis. Persia sent a punitive expedition against the two cities, which was turned back at Marathon 490 BCE. Realizing there would always be this trouble, Persia decided to subdue mainland Greece, and so establish an ethnic frontier. They invaded in 480 BCE but failed. Athens organized a defensive anti-Persian league so sporadic clashes continued. This concluded in 449 BCE with a treaty under which the Persians agreed to stay out of Greek waters.